Handout 20110209 - Pagoda and Early Buddhist Architecture

Pagoda and Early Buddhist Architecture

A.       The Formation of Basic Elements and Spatial Concepts

1.      Stupa  萃堵坡（舍利塔）

2.      Chaitya 講堂 and Vihara 精舍;

-          Mahayana/Great Vehicle 大乘佛教 (from the north silk road)

-          Hinayana/Lesser Vehicle 小乘佛教 (from the south silk road)

3.      Sacred Mountain, Mandala and Circumambulation

4.      Deities

        -  Buddha 佛: Sakyamuni 釋迦牟尼佛, Amitahba 阿彌陀佛, Maitreya 彌勒佛 (Mile)

        -  Bodhisattva 菩薩: Avalokitesvara 觀音菩薩 (Guanyin), Manjusra 文殊菩薩 (Wenshu),

         Samantabhadra 普賢菩薩 (Puxian), Ksitigarbha 地藏王菩薩

     -  Lohan羅漢 (大迦葉, 阿難, 舍利弗 ) and Feitien 飛天

     -  Heavenly King 天王and Worrier 力士

B.       Cave Temple and the Spread of Buddhism in China

1.      Cave Temple石窟寺

- Dunhuang 敦煌 / Yungang 雲崗 (Datong 大同) / Longmen 龍門/ Tianlongshan 天龍山

2.       Early Temples: transformation from house to temple 舍宅為寺 in Luoyang during Northern Wei Dynasty 北魏洛陽城.

3.      Basic Elements in the courtyard: Gate 山門, Main Hall 金堂, Lecture Hall 講堂, Pagoda 塔

4.      Typological Evolution: from the Pagoda as the center to the Main Hall as the center

C.     Pagoda in China and Japan

1.      Origin and Typology of Pagoda                                                               

               -  Indian stupa and sha (剎)

               -  Chinese multi-storied tower 重樓, 樓閣

               -  Multi-eaved pagoda (Miyan Ta) 密檐塔

               -  Uni-storied pagoda 單層塔 / vajra based pagoda 金剛寶座塔 / lama pagoda 喇嘛塔

               -  Circular / square / hexagonal / octagonal

2.      Songyue Si Pagoda 嵩嶽寺塔, Songshan 嵩山, N. Wei / 523 AD

3.      Simen Pagoda 四門塔, Shentong Si 神通寺 / Tang, 661 AD

4.      Pagoda of Horyuji 法隆寺塔, Nara 奈良, Japan / Asuka ~ Nara Period 飛鳥 ~ 奈良時期 650 AD

5.      Xiaoyan Pagoda 小雁塔, Changan 長安 / Tang, 684 AD

6.      Dayan Pagoda 大雁塔, Changan 長安 / Tang, 701 AD

7.      Pagoda of Yakushiji 藥師寺東塔, Nara 奈良, Japan / Nara Period 奈良時期 730 AD

8.      Dapotap 大寶塔and Samcheungseoktap三層石塔 Pagoda, Bulguksa Temple 佛國寺, Kyongju 慶州, Korea/ Silla Kingdom 新羅, 751 AD

9.      Pagoda of Daigoji 醍醐寺五重塔, Kyoto, Japan, Heian Period 平安時期, 952 AD

10.  Shijia Pagoda 釋迦塔, Fogongsi 佛宮寺, Ying Xian 應縣, Shanxi 山西 / Liao, 1056 AD

11.  Baoen Si Pagoda 報恩寺塔, Suzhou 蘇州 / Song, 1131 AD

12.  Bai Pagoda 白塔, Miaoying Si 妙應寺, Beijing 北京 / Jin 1271 AD

13.  Twin Pagoda 東西雙塔, Kaiyuansi 開元寺, Quanzhou 泉州 / Song 1250 AD

14.  Jingangbaozuo Pagoda 金剛寶座塔，北京西山碧云寺，1747 AD

Reference:

     Boyd, Andrew             Chinese Architecture and Town Planning. (Chapter 5) London: Alec Tiranti,

                                         1962. 

Liang Sicheng              A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture: A Study of the Development of its

     Structural System and the Evolution of its Types. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1984.

Soper, Alexander/        The Art and Architecture of Japan - The Pelican History of Art, New York: 

Robert Treat Paine           Penguin Books, 1971.

     Steinhardt, Nancy        Chinese Traditional Architecture. New York: China Nancy Shatzman.

                                    Institute in America, 1984.

劉敦楨                  《中國古代建築史》‧中國建築工業出版社  1984