Handout 20110112 - Schedule and Topics

Schedule and Topics

Jan 12, 2011    1.    Introduction: An Asian Perspective by C Roskam   
Jan 19, 2011    2.    Culture, Space and Type     (issue of study project)   
Jan 26, 2011    3.    Tectonic and the Evolution of Style   
Feb 02, 2011   4.    Chinese New Year   
Fed 09, 2011   5.    Pagoda and early Buddhist Architecture
Fed 16, 2011   6.    Temple : China, Korea and Japan   
Fed 23, 2011   7.    Field Study: Chi Lin Temple   
Mar 02, 2011   8.    Reading Week   
Mar 09, 2011   9.    Temple: India and Southeast Asia            (project 1)   
Mar 16, 2011   10.    University Holiday   
Mar 23, 2011   11.    City and Dwelling                                     (project 2)   
Mar 30, 2011   12.    Imperial Architecture: Palace                    (project 3)   
Apr 06, 2011    13.   Imperial Architecture: Altar and Tomb       (project 4)   
Apr 13, 2011    14.   Landscape and Garden: The Origin           (project 5)
Apr 20, 2011    15.   Landscape and Garden: Ming and After    (project 6)   

Handout 20110119 - Culture, Space and Types

Culture, Space and Types

A.    Introduction
  1.     The Study on History and Theory of Chinese Architecture in a Regional Context
  2.      Man, Nature and Physical Environment

B.     Culture & Space
  1.      Culture Geography and Early Chinese Architecture
        a.  Culture of Earth: Yang Shao 仰韶 / Long Shan 龍山culture in the North
        b.  Culture of Wood and Water: Hemudu 河姆渡 / Liangzhu良渚culture in the South
  2.    Confucianism and the Concept of Li 禮: from Shang 商, Zhou 周 to Han 漢
        a.  Heaven, Earth and Man 天, 地, 人
        b.  Order, Ritual and Spatial Layout  
        c.  Yin Yang 陰陽 and Five Elements 五行
  3.    Beyond  Confucianism  
        a.  China & India: City of Man and Mountain of God
        b.  Square & Circle 天圓地方
        c.  Wood & Stone
        d.  Confucianism & Daoism

C.    Features of Chinese Architecture
 1.    Formal Elements and Spatial Character:
        a.  Components:
        -    Roof: Gabled 硬山/懸山, Hipped 廡殿, Half-gabled and Half-hipped 歇山, Pyramidal 攢尖;  roof  ridge and roof tile
        -    Column and Wall 牆柱 /牆身
        -    Base 基座
        b.  Structure and Construction:
        -    Column and beam 柱樑
        -    Bracket / Dou-gong 斗拱
        c. Module bay / Kai-jian 開間: space between structural frame / columns, walls and partitions to define space
        d.  Courtyard:
        -    Formal: Symmetry, orientation and axis
        -    Social: Order, sequence and hierarchy
        -    Environmental: landscape, fengshui, lighting and ventilation
        -    Functional: use, security and privacy
        e.  Sequence: Jin 進/ numbers of courtyards

Case study on Chinese or Asian Architecture

Group Project:           Case study on Chinese or Asian Architecture (30%)

You are to form a 3-person team, select one building or element from the attached list.  By re-drawing its basic information (plans, elevations and sections), you are to understand its historical contexts, analyze ideas of its site planning, spatial layout, tectonic principle, detailing and material quality.  You are also encouraged to use physical models or to develop innovative representations and analytical drawings (axometric or perspective, diagrams) to demonstrate your understanding of this building.

Outline:

Each team should hand-in one A4 page outline and list the reference readings for the building you are to study to Angela Ting by Feb 9, 2009.

Presentation:

Each team will do one 8 minutes, power-point presentation on the outcome of the study before your final submission. 

Schedule:  March 9/23/30 and April 6/13/20  from 1130 am to 1230

Submission:

Each team should submit one A1 panels of your drawings and or models for display, and one 12-page group report in A4 format, including one page of writings for each group members, by May 11, 2011 to Angela Ting.

Handout 20110209 - Pagoda and Early Buddhist Architecture

Pagoda and Early Buddhist Architecture

A.       The Formation of Basic Elements and Spatial Concepts

1.      Stupa  萃堵坡（舍利塔）

2.      Chaitya 講堂 and Vihara 精舍;

-          Mahayana/Great Vehicle 大乘佛教 (from the north silk road)

-          Hinayana/Lesser Vehicle 小乘佛教 (from the south silk road)

3.      Sacred Mountain, Mandala and Circumambulation

4.      Deities

        -  Buddha 佛: Sakyamuni 釋迦牟尼佛, Amitahba 阿彌陀佛, Maitreya 彌勒佛 (Mile)

        -  Bodhisattva 菩薩: Avalokitesvara 觀音菩薩 (Guanyin), Manjusra 文殊菩薩 (Wenshu),

         Samantabhadra 普賢菩薩 (Puxian), Ksitigarbha 地藏王菩薩

     -  Lohan羅漢 (大迦葉, 阿難, 舍利弗 ) and Feitien 飛天

     -  Heavenly King 天王and Worrier 力士

Handout 20110216 - Temple I: China, Japan and Korea

Temple I: China, Japan and Korea

A.       Buddhist Temple

1.   Basic Elements and Layout of Chinese Buddhist Monastery after the Tang 

             - Main Gate 山門 (Shanmen) : Heavenly King 天王

             - Main Hall金堂, 大雄寶殿, (Daxiong baodian) : Buddha

             - Lecture Hall 講堂

             - Library Hall 藏經閣 (Cangjingge) : sutra 佛經

             - Pagoda 塔 : Buddha’s relics 舍利子

             - Side Hall 側殿 : Bodhisattva菩薩

             - Bell Tower 鐘樓 and Drum Tower 鼓樓 

             - Garden and Living Quarter

2.   Physical Setting

             - Site and landscape

             - Sacred mountains 名山: Wutaishan 五台山, Emeishan 峨嵋山, Putuoshan 普陀山,   

               Jiuhuashan 九華山

             - Path and nodes along the axis

Handout 20110310 - Temple II: India and Southeast Asia

Temple II: India and Southeast Asia

A.        Early Buddhist Architecture in India

1.       Great Sanchi Stupa and Monastery, 100 AD, Madhya Pradesh, India

The solid brick hemisphere of 40 m diameter monument, surrounded by stone railing, four great gates, and circumambulatory path, was originally built by Mauryan emperor Asoka to worship the remain of Buddha, also symbolizing the sacred mountain of Meru.

Ashokan Pillar, Sarnath, c. 270 BC

Surrounded by railing and circumambulatory path, the typical Mauyan pillar has a shaft rising from the ground with a tassel like cap below an abacus embellished with lotus and carrying an animal device symbolizing royalty, and chariot wheel.

       Ruwanveliseya Dageba, 137 BC, Sri Lanka

Brick Buddhist stupa of 90 meters in diameter, covered with cement, sheets of copper and silver.

The relic chamber has a Bo tree made of jewels, gold, silver and coral. 

 

2.       Ajanta Rock Shrine, 200 BC to 600 AD, Western India

Buddhist cave temple with total 29 Shrines carved into the rock, including 24 Vihara and 5 Chaitya Halls, each representing the spatial practice and signification of Hinayana and Mahayana thought.  

Karle Rock Shrine, 70 AD, Western India

Chaitya Hall in Buddhist cave temple with an enlarged space and the stupa dominating the shrine, representing the architecture of Mahayana practice and their pilgrim experience.

Handout 20110323 - City and Dwelling

City and Dwelling

A.       Cities and Dwellings of China and Japan in the Classical Period

1.      Background of Chinese Imperial City

a.  Wangcheng 王城 as the ideal model

b.   Zhouli 周禮 Kaogongji 考工記 :

匠人營國, 方九里, 旁三門, 國中九經九緯, 經塗九軌, 左祖右社, 面朝後市

c.   Features and components:  

Siting; wall enclosure, moat, gates; road of cardinal system; imperial way and axis; imperial city and palace city; alters; temples; drum and bell towers; markets, park and garden; residential fabric

Handout 20110406 - Imperial Architecture I: Palace

Imperial Architecture

A.     Imperial Palaces

1.      Imperial Palace of Changan 長安, as well as Heijokyo平城京 (Nara) and Heiankyo 平安京

(Kyoto) in the Classical Period

a.       Imperial Palace Compound of Changan: Taiji Gong 太極宮and Daming Gong大明宮

b.      Imperial Palace Compound of Heijokyo 平城京

c.       Imperial Palace Compound of Heianko 平安京

2.      Imperial Palace of Beijing during Ming and Qing (1403 AD- 1424 AD)

a.       Imperial City 紫禁城: moat, wall, gates and waterways 金水橋

b.      Imperial Way御道: Daming Gate 大明門 / Tianan Gate天安門 / Duan Gate 端門 / Wu Gate午門

c.       Front Three Palaces 前三宮: Taihe Gate 太和門, Taihe Dian 太和殿  (1697 AD)/ Zhonghe Dian 中和殿 / Baohe Dian 保和殿 (1615 AD)

d.      Rear Three Palaces 後三宮: Qianqing Gong 乾清宮 / Jiaotai Dian 交泰殿 / Kunning Gong 坤寧宮, and E-W six Palaces 東西六宮

e.       Imperial Library: Wenyuan Ge 文淵閣 (1776 AD); Study Halls, Temples and Institutions: Wuying Dian武英殿

f.       Imperial Ancestral Temple and Sacrificial Hall: Tai Miao 太廟 (1545 AD) and Xiang Dian享殿, Sheji Tan 社稷壇 (1421 AD)

g.       Other Palaces and Courtyards; Gardens and Theatres

Yangxin Dian養心殿, Cining Gong慈寧宮, Ningshou Gong寧壽宮

Handout 20110420 - Landscape and Garden

Landscape and Garden

A.     Landscape and Garden in China

1.    Background

a.                   Daoist thought 道家思想 of man and nature

b.                   Escapist thought and recluse since Northern and Southern Dynasty

c.                   Microcosm of natural world: micro-landscape 盆池

e.         Daoist fairy theme 神仙思想: mountain and sea, Penglai island 蓬萊仙島, tower 樓閣, pavilion 亭 and terrace 台