Imperial Architecture
A. Imperial Palaces
1. Imperial Palace of Changan 長安, as well as Heijokyo平城京 (Nara) and Heiankyo 平安京
(Kyoto) in the Classical Period
a. Imperial Palace Compound of Changan: Taiji Gong 太極宮and Daming Gong大明宮
b. Imperial Palace Compound of Heijokyo 平城京
c. Imperial Palace Compound of Heianko 平安京
2. Imperial Palace of Beijing during Ming and Qing (1403 AD- 1424 AD)
a. Imperial City 紫禁城: moat, wall, gates and waterways 金水橋
b. Imperial Way御道: Daming Gate 大明門 / Tianan Gate天安門 / Duan Gate 端門 / Wu Gate午門
c. Front Three Palaces 前三宮: Taihe Gate 太和門, Taihe Dian 太和殿 (1697 AD)/ Zhonghe Dian 中和殿 / Baohe Dian 保和殿 (1615 AD)
d. Rear Three Palaces 後三宮: Qianqing Gong 乾清宮 / Jiaotai Dian 交泰殿 / Kunning Gong 坤寧宮, and E-W six Palaces 東西六宮
e. Imperial Library: Wenyuan Ge 文淵閣 (1776 AD); Study Halls, Temples and Institutions: Wuying Dian武英殿
f. Imperial Ancestral Temple and Sacrificial Hall: Tai Miao 太廟 (1545 AD) and Xiang Dian享殿, Sheji Tan 社稷壇 (1421 AD)
g. Other Palaces and Courtyards; Gardens and Theatres
Yangxin Dian養心殿, Cining Gong慈寧宮, Ningshou Gong寧壽宮
3. Imperial Palace of Seoul during the Joseon/Li Dynasty(1392-1910) 朝鮮/李朝
a. The City: Eastern Gate 東大門and Southern Gate南大門, Imperial Way鍾道, Palace, Residential Fabric and Courtyard Houses
b. Eastern Palace東闕: Changkyong Palace (1483) 昌慶宮/ Minjeong Hall明政殿
Changdeok Palace(1405) 昌德宮 / Injeong Hall仁政殿;
c. Kyongbok Palace景福宮, Throne Room勤政殿/思政殿/Banquet Hall慶會樓
B. Imperial Ritual Architecture
1. Imperial Ritual Architecture in China
a. Background: Zhouli and the idea of Mingtang 明堂
b. Altar to Heaven 天壇 in Beijing
- Layout and Ritual Process
- Hall for Prayer (Qinian Dian 祈年殿)
- Imperial Vault of Heaven (Huangqiong Yu 皇穹宇)
- Circular Mount 圓丘
2. Imperial Shrine in Japan
a. Tectonic tradition from vernacular warehouse building in Yayoi 彌生Period (3rd century BC)
b. Ise Shrine伊勢神宮: Naigu: inner shrine 內宮(sun goddess and imperial ancestor), (687AD)
Shoden (main hall)正殿, Shimmei Style 神明造; Sacred Gate: Torii
Gegu: outer shrine 外宮(fertile and food goddess)
c. Other Shindo 神道Shrines: Izumo Shrine出雲大社本殿, Tasha Style 大社造;
Kamigamo Shrine上賀茂神社, Nagare Style 三間社流造, Kyoto
Itsukushima Shrine嚴島神社, (1571AD), Hiroshima
C. Imperial Tomb
1. Chinese Imperial Tomb in Beijing and Nanjing
a. Background: Imperial Tomb of Han and Tang in China
b. The Imperial Tomb in Nanjing: Ming Xiaoling明孝陵
- Basic Elements: site planning / axis / gate / spirit alley 石象生 / hall / stele tower and pavilion 方城明樓 / mound
c. The Imperial Tombs in Beijing: Ming 13 tombs明十三陵
- Changling 長陵: Tomb of Emperial Yongle 永樂/ Lingen Dian 稜恩殿(1403-1424 AD)
2. Imperial Tomb in Korea and Japan
a. Tomb of Emperor Nintoku/ Emperor Sujin, Nara, Kofun Period 古墳
b. Tomb of King Wousang, Kyongju,慶州 Korea, Silla Kindom 新羅
Reading List
Boyd, Andrew* Chinese Architecture and Town Planning. London: Alec Tiranti, 1962.
(Chap 3, Chap 7 pp. 138 – 144)
Liang Sicheng* A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture: A Study of the Development of its Structural System and the Evolution of its Types.
Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1984. (Ching Building in Peking)
Pirazzoli-T’Serstevens, M Living Architecture: Chinese.
New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1971. (Chap 2, 3)
Stierlin, Heri ed. Architecture of the World: Japan.
Masuda, Tomoya Germany: Benedikt Taschen, 1981. Chap 2, pp.83-86)
Mario Bussagli Oriental Architecture, New York: Electa / Rizzoli, 1989.
Vol. 2, China, Korea and Japan,
Gunter Nitschke From Shinto to Ando: Studies in Architectural anthropology in Japan.
London: AD Academy Editions, 1993
趙廣超 《大紫禁城》 ‧ 香港：三聯出版社 2005
劉敦楨 《中國古代建築史》 ‧ 北京：中國建築工業出版社 1984
(第七章，第五節，第八節)
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