Handout 20110420 - Landscape and Garden

Landscape and Garden

A.     Landscape and Garden in China

1.    Background

a.                   Daoist thought 道家思想 of man and nature

b.                   Escapist thought and recluse since Northern and Southern Dynasty

c.                   Microcosm of natural world: micro-landscape 盆池

e.         Daoist fairy theme 神仙思想: mountain and sea, Penglai island 蓬萊仙島, tower 樓閣, pavilion 亭 and terrace 台

2.    Literati and Landscape Painting

a.                   Shan Shui 山水: Mountain and Water; nature in poetry and painting

b.                   Yi-Jing 意境: milieu, mind and image; Xie-Yi 寫意: of the poetic and painterly aesthetic

c.                   Scroll Painting 卷軸and the concept of Space in Time;

d.                   The Milieu of Landscape Painting: travel 可行, wonder 可遊, gaze 可觀, dwelling 可居(Guoxi 郭熙/山水訓 ∙ 林泉高致)

3.         Gardens in Jiangnan 江南園林during Ming and Qing      

      

a.                   Yuan Ye 園冶: The Craft of Gardens by Jicheng 計成  Mind and Craft 三分匠七分主人

b.                   Site and Situation/ Xiang-Di 相地 (select site): Yin-di-zhi-yi 因地制宜（follow the natural lay of the land）；因借體宜 Yin-jie-ti-yi ( follow and borrow )

c.                   Layout of Buildings/Li-ji-wu-yu 立基屋宇：pavilion 亭, veranda 廊, and varies types of buildings 廳, 樓, 閣, 軒

d.                   Raising Mountains/ Duei-shan  堆山; Selecting Rocks/ Xuan-shi  選石；and Arranging Waters/ Li-shui 理水; Identify Themes: rock 山石, water 水池, vegetation 花木，seasons 時節

e.                   Time, Movement and Experience: organization of circulation 遊園動線 in areas  景区；screen Ge 隔 and curve Qu 曲; stroll and view Bu-yi-jing-yi 步移景移

f.                    Scenery, view and Perception: opposite view 對景, framed scenery 框景, borrowed scenery 借景, depth and layer 景深

g.                   Garden s in Suzhou 蘇州園林 : Liu Yuan 留園, Zhuozheng Yuan 拙政園, Shizi Lin 獅子林, Xiaocanglang Ting 小滄浪亭

4.    Confucianism and Daoism

a.       contradiction and complementary: politic and art/ house and garden/mundane and unworldly

b.        from house to garden:  from atrium Tian-jing天井,courtyard Ting-yuan 庭院 to garden Yuan-lin 园林;  from daily function to leisure spaces -- study room, tea room, banquet room

B.     Villa and Garden in Japan

1.       Origin and Early Prototypes

a.       Nature, Spirit and Sacred Mountain

b.       Shinden Style 寝殿造in the Heian 平安 Period:

Cho 町, shinden and gardens; Garden as Architecture

c.       The Garden Design text Sakutaki:

Composition elements: hills, pond, islands, south garden, stream, waterfall, trees and shrubs;

Stylized forms (Yo) and modeling after (Manabi)

2.       Shoin Style書院造during the Kamakura 鐮倉and Muromachi室町Period

1. The Worrier Culture and Garden: Kinkakuji/Golden Temple 金閣寺 1398AD/1955

2. The North Garden (Ke) and the South Garden (Hare)

Daitokoguji大德寺, Dai Sen-in大仙院

3. South Garden of Zen Temple- Zen Garden禪庭/Dry Landscape Garden 枯山水：

Ryonji Temple龍安寺方丈庭園

4. South Garden of Warrior Residence (Buke): Tenryuji Temple 天龍寺庭園 
5. The Threshold of Garden as Architecture: Core (Moya), Aisle (Hisashi) and Ochien

1.       Shoin and Sukiya Style 數寄屋書院 during the Momoyama 桃山and Edo 江户Period

1. Miegakure and Sequence of Garden Scenes: Katsura Imperial Villa 挂離宫;

Manshu-in 曼殊院; Daitokuji Koho-an 大德寺孤篷庵; Kyoto Imperial Palace 京都御所

2. Roji and the Teahouse Soan茶室

16^th  century Garden Designers: Sen no Rikyu 千利休，Kobori Enshu 小崛遠州

A.     House and Garden in Korea

1.       Geomancy and Confucianism

2.       The Walled Compound

3.       Chae and Madang: interior and exterior, enclosed and open spaces

Reading List:

Boyd, Andrew*                   Chinese Architecture and Town Planning, London: Alec Tiranti, 1962.

(Chap IV)

Han, Pao-The              The Story of Chinese Landscape Design, Taipei: Youth Cultural Enterprise Co., 1990.

Keswick, Maggie          The Chinese Garden, London Academy Editions, 1986.

Inaji, Toshiro                  The Garden as Architecture: Form and Spirit in the Gardens of Japan, China and Korea, Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1998

                                   

計成:                           《園冶》    

劉敦禎:                        《蘇州古典園林》∙  北京:中國工業出版社, 1979.