Temple I: China, Japan and Korea
A. Buddhist Temple
1. Basic Elements and Layout of Chinese Buddhist Monastery after the Tang
- Main Gate 山門 (Shanmen) : Heavenly King 天王
- Main Hall金堂, 大雄寶殿, (Daxiong baodian) : Buddha
- Lecture Hall 講堂
- Library Hall 藏經閣 (Cangjingge) : sutra 佛經
- Pagoda 塔 : Buddha’s relics 舍利子
- Side Hall 側殿 : Bodhisattva菩薩
- Bell Tower 鐘樓 and Drum Tower 鼓樓
- Garden and Living Quarter
2. Physical Setting
- Site and landscape
- Sacred mountains 名山: Wutaishan 五台山, Emeishan 峨嵋山, Putuoshan 普陀山,
Jiuhuashan 九華山
- Path and nodes along the axis
B. Daoist Temple
1. From Philosophical Daoism to Religious Daoism
- Thought and People: Qi 氣 / Yin Yang 陰陽 / Five Elements 五行; Laozi 老子, Zhuangzi 莊子; Zhang Daoling 張道陵 / Daoist Priest 道士
- Deities (Gods/Immortals/Saints/Spirits):
Sanqing 三清 (元始天尊 / 太上道 君 / 太上老君); Yuhuang 玉皇上帝, Zhenwu 真武(玄武)大帝; Wenchang 文昌君, Dongyue東嶽大帝, Chenghuang 城隍爺(City God) , Dragon King 龍王, Xiwangmu 西王母, Bixiayuanjun 碧霞元君; Guanggong 關公, Mazu 媽祖 (Tianhou 天后), Hongsheng 洪聖, Earth God 土地公(福德正神)
- Schools 教派: Zhengyi 正一, Quanzhen 全真, Xunjiao 玄教, Maoshan 茅山
2. Physical Setting
- Daoist Temples: Guan 觀 / Gong 宮 / Miao 廟 / Grotto 洞 / Altars 壇
- Siting and landscape; Five Mountains 五嶽: Taishan 泰山 (E), Huashan 華山 (W),
Hengshan 恆山 (N), Songshan 嵩山 (C), Hengshan 衡山 (S), Longhushan 龍虎山,
Wudangshan 武當山
- Functions and Spaces: Jiao 醮 (ceremony offering) / Cultivating Perfection 學真;
Spirit Hall 神殿/ Maigre Hall 齋觀; Scripture Repository; Theatre Stage戲台/ Foreground;
C. Temples in the Classical Period: Period of Vigor (- 1050 AD)
1. *Horyuji 法隆寺, Nara 奈良, Japan / Asuka ~ Nara Period 飛鳥 ~ 奈良時期 650 AD
- Main Gate 山門
- Kondo金堂
- Pagoda 塔
- Daikodo講堂/Heian Period 平安時期, 990AD ( hidden roof structure)
- Kofuzo (store house) / Heian Period平安時期
2. Buseoksa Temple 浮石寺, Yeonpunggun 榮州, Korea/ Silla Period 新羅, 676 AD
- Muryangsujeon 無量壽殿, Amitabha Buddha is enshrined
- Anyangru Pavilion 安養樓
3. *Nanchan Si 南禪寺, Wutai Shan 五台山, Shanxi 山西 / Tang 唐, 728 AD
(Liang, Liu, Steinhardt, 劉)
- Main Hall 正殿: plan/elevation/cross-section
- Gate Hall 山門
4. *Toshodaiji 唐招提寺, Nara 奈良, Japan / Nara Period 奈良時期 760 AD
- Kondo金堂
- Daikodo講堂
5. *Foguang Si 佛光寺, Wutai Shan 五台山, Shanxi 山西 / Tang 唐, 857 AD (Liang, Liu, 劉)
- Main Hall 大雄寶殿 : plan / elevation / cross-section / longitudinal section /
sectional perspective
- Wenshu Dian 文殊殿 / Jin 金, 1050 AD: plan / longitudinal section
- Zusi tomb : plan / elevation
6. *Dule Si 獨樂寺, Jixian 薊縣, Hsoteric Hebei 河北 / Liao 遼, 984 AD (Liang, Liu, 劉)
- Site plan
- Guanying Ge 觀音閣 : plan / cross-section
- Gate Hall 山門 : plan / elevation / cross-section
7. Longxing Si 隆興寺, Zhengding 正定, Hebei 河北 / Song 宋, 960-1127 AD (Liang,
Liu, 劉)
- Site plan
- Moni Dian 摩尼殿 : plan / longitudinal section
- Library 轉輪藏殿 : plan / cross-section
8. Guangji Si 廣濟寺, Baodi 寶坻, Hebei 河北 / Liao 遼, 1025 AD (Liang)
- Sanda Shi Dian 三大士殿 : plan / cross-section
9. Huayen Si 華嚴寺, Datong 大同, Shanxi 山西 / Liao 遼, 1038 AD (Liang, 劉)
- Library (lower) 薄伽教藏殿 : elevation / interior elevation
- Main Hall (upper) 大雄寶殿 : plan
10. *Daigoji 醍醐寺, Kyoto, Japan / Heian Period 平安時期, 907 AD
- Main Hall (Yakushido), Esoteric Buddhism
- Five Story Pagoda
11. *Byodoin 平等院, Uji 宇治, Kyoto, Japan/ Heian period 平安時期, 1053 AD
- Pheonix Hall (Hoodo), Amida hall, Sect of the pure land
D. Temple in the Middle Age: Period of Elegance (1000 - 1400 AD)
1. *Shengmu Dian 聖母殿, Jinci 晉祠, Taiyuan 太原, Shanxi 山西 / Song, 1030 AD
(Liang, Liu, 劉)
- Site plan / axometric
- Main Hall: plan / elevation / cross-section
2. Shanhua Si 善化寺, Datong 大同, Shanxi 山西 / Liao and Jin 遼金, 1128 AD
(Liang, Liu, 劉)
- Site plan
- Main Hall 大雄寶殿 : plan / elevation / cross-section
- Sansheng Dian 三聖殿 : plan / cross-section / longitudinal section
- Puxian Ge 普賢閣 : plan / elevation / longitudinal section
- Gate Hall 山門 : plan / cross-section
3. Yongshou Si 永壽寺, Yuci 榆次, Shanxi 山西 / Song, 1008 AD (Liang)
- Yuhua Gong 雨花宮: plan / elevation / corss-section / longitudinal section
4. Shaolin Si 少林寺, Song Shan 嵩山, Dengfeng 登封, Henan 河南 / Song, 1125 AD
(Liang, Liu)
- Chuzu An 初祖庵 : plan
5. Beiyue Miao 北嶽廟, Quyang 曲陽, Hebei 河北 / Yuan 元, 1270 AD (Liang)
- Dening Dian 德寧殿 : plan / photo
6. Guansheng Si 廣勝寺, Hongdong 洪洞, Shanxi 山西, Yuan , 1309 AD (Liang, Liu,
Steinhardt, 劉)
- Upper Guansheng Si 上廣勝寺 : site plan
- Lower Guansheng Si 下廣勝寺 : site plan
- Main Hall (lower) 大殿 : plan / elevation / cross-section / longitudinal section /
photo / sectional perspective
- Dragon King Temple 水神廟 : plan
- Pagoda 飛虹塔
7. Todaiji 東大寺, Nara, Japan / from Nara 奈良, Kamakura 鐮倉時代1199 AD, to
Edo Period 江戶 時代1705 AD
- Daibutsuden (Main Hall), Edo Period, 1705 AD
- Nandaimon (South Gate), Kamakura, 1199 AD, Tenjiku Style
- Shosoin, (Store House), Nara/Heian Period
8. *Yongle Gong 永樂宮, Ruicheng 芮城, Shanxi 山西 / Yuan, 1212 (Liu, Steinhardt, 劉)
- Site plan
- Sanqing Dian 三清殿 : elevation / cross-section / photo
- Chungyang Dian 純陽殿 : elevation/ section / photo
- Chongyang Dian 重陽殿 : elevation / photo
Reference:
Boyd, Andrew Chinese Architecture and Town Planning. (Chapter 5) London: Alec Tiranti,
1962.
Liang Sicheng A Pictorial History of Chinese Architecture: A Study of the Development of its
Structural System and the Evolution of its Types.
Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1984.
Liu, Laurence Chinese Architecture. London: Academy Editions, 1989.
Steinhardt, Nancy Chinese Traditional Architecture. New York: China Nancy Shatzman.
Institute in America, 1984.
Soper, Alexander/ The Art and Architecture of Japan - The Pelican History of Art, New York:
Robert Treat Paine Penguin Books, 1971.
劉敦楨 《中國古代建築史》‧中國建築工業出版社 1984
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